Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India

Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Since ages Indians have been more inclined towards tea rather than coffee. As such, marketing coffee in India can be a tough job. But owing to the marketing strategies of companies like Starbucks, a trend of coffee drinking has started picking up, especially among the younger generation. It should be understood that the market trends differ from country to country. The existing managerial literature proves that the marketing strategies available for internalization are not basically the same across cultures (Cayla Arnould, 2008; Mitra Golder, 2002). This report analyzes and justifies a marketing plan for the introduction of Starbucks VIA instant coffee into the Indian market. Appendix 1 demonstrates the graphical representation of the marketing plan. VIA instant coffee is a ve nture that has been over two decades in the making for Starbucks as the corporation readied itself to have a commanding market share in the $21 billion instant coffee market (Business Pundit, n.d.). The major reason behind Starbucks decision to introduce the product is to capture the immense consumer market available in India as the country is home to at least 1.03 billion people and is the second most populated country in the world after China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). In this report, we shall analyse the performance of Starbucks using SWOT and PESTEL analysing methods.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Overview, Mission Objective Starbuck’s principal mission is â€Å"†¦to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time† (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011 para. 4). Market Analysis/Audit External Audit This kind of audit is done on variables that the organization cannot control. One of the most commonly used tool for analysing the market of any product is PESTEL. It means the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal aspects that may affect any business. Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis Economic India is currently the fifth largest economy in purchasing power parity, not mentioning its growing middle class and youth with more disposable income (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Political India is a huge democratic country and the government is engaged in the welfare of its citizens through various economic policies. The infrastructure system of India is becoming better day by day. Technological India is a fast developing country and as such, the modern technological inventions are being adopted in all spheres of life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social-cultural Starbucks may experience uncertainty avoidance from local consumers due to the predominantly Indian tea-drinking culture. The company may also face a cultural distance between its own marketing strategies and those of its partners in joint ventures (Heerden Barter, 2008). Mistakes arising from misunderstandings of Starbucks brand names in the speciality coffee industry may also arise. The enormous diversity of India, which is typified by inconsistent policies and social-economic inequalities, may also serve as a hindrance (Johnson Tellis, 2008). As groundwork for foundation, Starbucks has been engaged in some social activities in India. According to Sandra Taylor, Senior Vice President of Starbucks’ Corporate Social Responsibility observed, â€Å"We have one effort with our Tazo division and with Mercy Corps, where we are supporting projects in 24 villages in Darjeeling, India, a tea-farming area. One project is t o improve water and sanitation.† (As cited by Michelli 2006, p165). Legal India has stringent policies regarding foreign-owned businesses. Environmental There are many social groups in India that are engaged in the preservation of the environment against pollution. These groups stage protests against companies that are responsible for any kind of pollution. If Starbucks has to face such protests, it will tarnish the company image. But since Starbucks follows the ‘Fair Trade Movement’ policy, it doesn’t have to worry. Market trends: According to BusinessWire (2011), â€Å"†¦the market for coffee in India has been growing steadily as consumers are becoming more acceptable towards international and premium brands† (para. 4). Internal Audit This type is done on variables than can be controlled by the organizationAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Market Position Starbucks is the unparalleled market leader in the coffeehouse business, operating more than 17,000 retail outlets in over 55 countries around the world (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011). Target Market Traditional target market for Starbucks includes the â€Å"affluent, well-educated, white collar customers† between the ages of 25 and 44. As the company expand internationally, an emergent target market consists of the â€Å"younger, less well-educated customers in a lower income bracket† (Moon Quelch, 2003). Profit Margins The company posted a 28% increase in fourth quarter profit of the 2011 fiscal year on sustained strong sales at existing retail outlets. For the quarter, â€Å"†¦Starbucks earned $385 million, or 47 cents a share, up from $278.9 million, or 37 cents a share, in the same 2010 period† (Andrejczak, 2011 para. 1). SWOT Analysis Strengths Analysis Taking advantage of opportunities Starbucks VIA instant coffee provides a good opportunity for entering the rapidly growing instant coffee category that other multinational coffee houses cannot match, not mentioning that the company has a good retail opportunity due to its foodservice and product line-up (Thompson Arsel, 2004). Strong financial base Starbucks is a very profitable enterprise reinforced by a strong financial base, thus allowing the entity to expand globally through undertaking new business ventures. International recognition Starbucks brands in the speciality coffee industry has won international recognition. The company continues to maintain a global presence. Its extensive brand recognition has turned into brand preference and eventually into brand loyalty, assisting the company to maintain a strong customer base (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Weaknesses Analysis Weak position in the Indian market The company is yet to make inroads into the Indian tea-drinking culture and it is expected that it may meet challenges trying to establish itself (Johnson Tellis, 2008). High concentrations in the United States This implies that the company may suffer great financial losses if the U.S. retail stores underperform because of harsh economic conditions or intense competition. Opportunities Analysis Opportunities for Global Expansion Starbucks can expand its revenue base by expanding its global operations in countries with rapid economic growth such as India and China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Co-branding Starbucks can enter into brand-franchising agreements with other partners in emerging markets to boost its sales, reputation and competitiveness (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Threats Analysis Highly competitive market The main competitors of Starbucks in India are Cafe Coffee Day and Barista. Socio-political Groups There are certain social and political groups that are opposed to foreign products. Even though the number of such groups is limited, they can create unnecessary nuisance. Assumptions Assumptions are critical in any market ing plan as they function to standardize the planning environment (McDonald Keegan, 2002). This plan assumes that: VIA instant coffee will achieve a market segment of 10 percent before December 2012 as Starbucks engage more partners and franchises in the Indian market. Price competition for the instant coffee market in India will force price levels down by 15% across the board Marketing Objectives Strategies Marketing Objectives Creating a Starbucks experience that makes customers in India to visit established outlets for the coffee, stay for the striking environment, and return for the connection To build an image and reputation separate from competitors aimed at creating brand loyalty Marketing Strategies Starbuck’s market strategy revolves around â€Å"†¦a deal to buy coffee beans from Tata Coffee, an Indian Company, and work with that firm’s affiliates to open stores in hotels and inside other retail stores† (Bajaj, 2011 para. 2). Segmentation Positi oning: Venkatesh (2011) notes that â€Å"†¦market segmentation is a strategy in which a large heterogeneous market is broken down into small homogenous segments and a separate marketing program is developed for each segment† (p. 15). The market segment selected for VIA instant coffee is the high-end consumer segment and the strategy used will be price discrimination. Estimation of Expected Results It is expected that the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the Indian market will assist Starbucks to rapidly expand its retail operations and increase growth in its speciality sales and other operations. It is also expected that customers will achieve higher satisfaction levels Identification of Alternative Plans and Mixes Alternative Plan Based on initial sales of VIA instant coffee, the company may decide to introduce a new instant coffee product to target the middle class. Sheth (2011) observes that â€Å"the new middle class, especially in large population markets in China and India, is creating large-scale first-time buyers of everything† (p. 167). Marketing Mix for VIA Instant Coffee Product The product – VIA instant coffee – falls under the category of convenience products since it can be purchased from selected retail outlets and supermarkets. It lacks the signature bitterness and darker-roast temperament of brewed Starbucks coffee, thus is seen as an excellent choice to compete in traditional tea-drinking cultures such as India (Business Pundit, n.d.). Price VIA instant coffee will be marketed to the higher-end consumer bracket, thus will retail at a premium price. The company wishes to use the high price tag to demonstrate the high value of the product and its commitment to adequately satisfy customer needs and demands. Chan et al (2010) are of the opinion that an effective price discrimination strategy communicates the unique value of a particular product to the customers. Place The place where a product first premier ed and the distribution networks that exist to ensure the product is adequately restocked are critical success factors for any internalization exercise (Chandrasekaran Tellis, 2008; Douglas Craig, 2011). VIA instant coffee is set to premier in the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi due to their affluent upper class and high population rates. Promotion Promotional activities are critical in exposing the product to the local audience and in targeting marketing communications with the view to elicit positive responses from the targeted audience (Narayan Manchanda, 2009). Starbucks promotional activities revolve around the word of mouth. Budget Marketing and other related activities are costly and, as such, organizations intending to launch new products into global markets must prepare adequately if they are to succeed in their endeavours. Starbucks financial objective obligates management to use the lower store-opening costs model (of up to $ 315,000 per store) when expanding to ensure that expenditures do not exceed returns (Moon Quelch, 2003; Keller, 2011). First Year Implementation Programme Starbucks will embark on partnering with local enterprises that share in the values and commitments of the company. The product will be initially introduced into two of such partnerships in Mumbai and New Delhi to evaluate uptake before comprehensive roll-out strategy into other major cities across India is kicked off in Mid March 2012. Although TV commercials will be aired in mainstream channels to introduce the new product, the main promotional strategy will be through word of mouth. A Market research survey will be done in September 2012 to assess customer attitudes and market share. Conclusion Studies demonstrate that most organizations target to enter international markets not only to exploit their existing competitive advantages (Tsai Eisingerich, 2010; Mayrhofer, 2004), but also to sustain and develop their strategic positioning (Couturier Sola, 2010; Gregory, 200 2). Other factors, such as profits and growth targets, international market opportunities, economies of scale, intense competition in traditional markets, saturated existing market and proximity to global consumers, may also account (Hollensen, 2010). With the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the mainstream Indian market, Starbucks will not only be aiming to enhance its competitiveness but also its strategic positioning. List of References Andrejczak, M., (2011). Starbucks Profit up 28%, Hikes Divided. MarketWatch. Web. Bajaj, V., (2011). A Starbucks Venture in Tea-Drinking India. The New York Times. Web. Business Wire, (2011). Research and Markets: Coffee Market in India 2011. Web. Cayla, J., Arnould, E. J., (2008). A Cultural Approach to Branding in the Global Marketplace. Journal of International Marketing, 16 (4), pp. 86-112. Chan, K. W., Yim, C. K., Lam, Simon S. K., (2010). Is Customer Participation in Value Creation a Double-Edged Sword? Evidence from Professional Fi nancial Services across Cultures. Journal of Marketing, 74 (3), pp. 48-64. Chandrasekaran, D., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Global Takeoff of New Product: Culture, Wealth, or Vanishing Difference? Marketing Science, 27 (5), pp. 844-860. Couturier, J., Sola, D., (2010). International Market Entry Decisions: The role of Local Market Factors. Journal of General Management, 35 (4), pp. 45-63. Douglas, S. P., Craig, C. S., (2011). Convergence and Divergence: Developing a Semiglobal Marketing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 19 (1), pp. 82-101. Gregory, J. R., 2002, Branding across Cultures, Prentice Hall, London. Hollensen, S., (2010). Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. 5 ed. London: Pearson Education. Johnson, J., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India. Journal of Marketing, 72 (3), pp. 1-13. Keller, K. L., (2011). How to Navigate the Future of Brand Management. Marketing Management, 20 (2), pp. 36-43. Mayrhofer, U., (2004). Internation al Market Entry: Does the Home Country Affect Entry-Mode Decisions? Journal of International Marketing, 12 (4), pp. 71-96. McDonald, M., Keegan, W. J., (2002).  Marketing Plans that Work. 2nd ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Michelli, J., 2006. Starbucks Experience, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Mitra, D., Golder, P. N., (2002). Whose Culture Matters? Near-Market Knowledge and its Impact on Foreign Market Entry Timing. Journal of Marketing Research, 39 (3), pp. 350-365. Moon, Y., Quelch, J., (2003). Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service. Harvard Business School. Narayan, S., Manchanda, P., (2009). Heterogenous Learning and the Targeting of Marketing Communication for New Products. Marketing Science, 28 (3), pp. 424-441. Sheth, J. N., (2011). Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices. Journal of Marketing, 75 (4), pp. 166-182. Starbucks Company Profile, (2011). Web. Thompson, C. J., Arsel, Z., (2004). The Starbucks Brandscape and Consumers’ (Anticorporate) Experiences of Glocalization. Journal of Consumer Research, 33 (3), 631-642. Tsai, H. T., Eisingerich, A. B., (2010). Internalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms. California Management Review, 53 (1), pp. 114-135. Venkatesh, R., (2011). New Parameters in Market Segmentation – Ethnic Marketing is the Key. Advances in Management, 4 (11), pp. 15-19. Appendix Figure 1: Marketing Plan (McDonald Keegan, 2002) This report on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Examining The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Software Information Technology Essay In the past few years,theres been a blossoming of a new style of software methodology,the name is agile methods. Agile methods is under the premise of guaranteed to software development have successfully output of decrease the activities and products as far as possible in the process of developing..Most software development is a chaotic activity, often characterized by the phrase code and fix. Agile methods make the fussy process become easy so that more and more enterprise and people choose to use agile methods. In semester 2 ,we studied the knowledge about DSDM, XP, SSADM, RUP, ETHICS, CCMI . In this essay I explore the reasons for agile methods and I will focus on comparing the strengths and weaknesses of DSDM and XP. Because they are the mainstream agile methods in recent years and respectively introduce their principle, characteristics, applicability and some other aspects about this two methods. 2. Definition Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) was developed by a UK consortium in the UK in the mid-1990s.This view has been supported in the work of Jennifer Stapleton(1997). It is a practitioner-based methodology and this consortium are involved in Rapid Application Development (RAD) development of software systems.DSDM developing very fast, British Xansa company released that DSDM and traditional development methods adopted in productivity comparison from 1994 to 2001. Conclusion is after used DSDM ¼Ã…’the productivity improved 202 per cent.This view has been supported in the work of Alistair Cockblum (2003) . It describes all aspects in rapid development business centered environment. XP(Extreme Programming) is based on the development experience of a single author and is aimed at developers,so it is a practitioner-based method. The first Extreme Programming project was started March 6, 1996. Extreme Programming is one of several popular Agile processes. It has already been proven to be very successful at many companies of all different sizes and industries world wide. ¼Ã‹â€ Don Wells,1999 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° 3.Strengths of DSDM In the objectives aspect. In the eight principles of DSDM,we can find deliver on time , DSDM assumes that 80 per cent of the solution can be developed in 20 per cent of the time that it would take to produce the total solution in order to shorten development times,at the same time to deliver that will have the biggest business benefit first. Stapleton (1997, pp.13) states that a way of developing application systems that truly serve the needs of business .Therefore the first strengths of DSDM is use time as shorten as possible and it will make the biggest business benefit first. It is about truly understanding the needs of the business and delivering solutions that work and delivering them as quickly and as cheaply as possible(Stapleton,1997,pp14),Therefore,we can find use DSDM not only fast,but cheap. Staleton (1997,pp.65) states that DSDM is more than anything about improving communications between all parties involved in the development of a system .Developers will make more communications with who will work with the system and the system must be maintainable after delivery.The other strength is it helps customers know more about the product,and after delivery, developers will maintenance the product. In the domain and target aspects.The strengths of DSDM are most easily applied in system,and it can be used in large project. For techniques.Staleton (1997,pp.14) states that DSDM describes project management, estimate, prototype build,time box method, configuration management, testing , quality assurance, roles and responsibilities (of both users and IT staff) , team structure, tools environments , risk management ,building for maintainability, the relationship between suppliers and buyers .DSDM use timeboxing, so end-user of DSDM can save time and money by becoming members of the Consortium. It can protect delivery stays being the focus and support the main project to realise the development on time and make out with the good quality.It concentration is on the top priorities and all people who relate about the project know how long to expect each other to take. MoSCow is one of the strength in DSDM. Its rules is used for prioritising requirements. It is an acronym that stands for must have, should have, could have ,want, but wont have this time.This order is very important, because they are sorting with the necessary degree. It can help you save much time when you do your project and easy to find what you need to do within the deadline.The next strength is evolutionary prototyping ,it used heavily in DSDM that is controlled using documented evaluation and it helps developers to communicate with business people. In its conditions, users can operate the system more skilled .Workshop is another strength of DSDM, it can make the different people who work with the system to together and discuss what they want to do about the system. Therefore it can make decisions about the system quickly and accurately. In scope aspect. The strengths of DSDM are the development process is very accurate. A given listing does have to be tested in exact order, it reduces the occurrence of mistakes in the development process.Therefore it saves much time for development software. The strengths of output in DSDM are after developers produced a product, a larger number of documents will to explain the product,and there are some models and documents maintenance the product. It is really good for product. And a user manuals and training schemes will be given.It helps customer knows how to use the product and easily use the product . 4.Strengths of XP(Extreme Programming) Beck (2000,pp.150) states that The practices and the principles work together with each other to create a synergy that is greater than the sum of the parts. It using established software development techniques in a small team,it saves more human resource for company. And XP pay more attention to customers requirements and the quality of the products.It reduce the project risk with appropriate practices. The strengths of domain and target in XP are it can solve specific business problem,such as projects has vague requirements. It can develop outsourced software ,in-house development and fix-price contract software development. For techniques, XP use of pair programming ,it improves code quality, programmers to share knowledge more easily and it reduces mistakes in coding process.Use stand up meetings to communicate problems,it solves solutions more quickly,and adjust the teams work direction in short order ,it saves to much time for team,and can make more decision for the project. Designing is used to describe requirements and to create time estimates.It helps developers reduce mistakes and make developers knows what are they need to do and need not to do in development time. Strengths of scope in XP,the planning is to think about what problems will be appear in the development,and how to prevent them happen. It reduces the feasibility of unforeseen circumstances, Teamwork will helps teammates shares their understanding about the project and to find the weak spots of the project. Refactoring give programmers the right to improve their code , it helps the programmer understand the system better and makes the code readability. Maintenance can help the product exert its function better. The outputs are source code and associated unit test. The strengths of XP are unit test can explains code with test cases,make out up to date documentation and it can helps suppose for new programmers. The other strength is developers always work together in a small team, the development team will with good atmosphere. 5.Weaknesses of DSDM The weakness of DSDM is the relatively high barrier to entry. Switching to DSDM is neither cheap nor fast,and requires a significant cultural shift in any organization.(Benjamin,J. 2004) Staleton (1997,pp13) states that A way of developing application systems that truly serve the needs of the business.It have not too much equirements for the quality of the product. It only have interface intensive business systems one application,and just can solve business problems.I think it is so narrow,such as it is not fit for other applications such as engineering, so it difficulties to be used when the target environment is not about business. The teams that in DSDM should decide what methods will be use in work. It lacks in detail for developers. It no more than packaged common sense . The iterative phases in DSDM is more tedious. 6.Weaknesses of XP The weakness of XP is that it only can be used in small group of programmers two to twelve. The objective of XP is too narrow that it does not to analysis the problems that will be happen in the future and it has not any strategic analysis of the need for the system . XP only define a set of techniques but not lifecycle. It relies on pair programming,but many programmers have found this way of working uncomfortable,it makes developers interdependence who work together , it also inhibit their imagination and independent thinking ability,the more important is it will make constant interaction is tiring. XP needs a robust and fast development environment, but many development environments can not achieve that standards, therefore XP can not achieve the best effect for the product. Quick design meeting are too quick,because want to save time,it maybe makes a bad design decisions. Aspect of XP that are difficult to adopt are collaboration with others in the team, and using simple designs. There involve overcoming peoples tendency to avoid collaboration and introduce unnecessary complexity in system structure.(Beck,2000) Any product is negotiable with the customer,so that customer will feel very trouble .XP is too extreme and lacks scalability,it is too informal for many orgnisations. 7.Compare the two methods This two methods of function are very similar. They all for application development,these two methods are all focus on shorten the development time and fast delivery,they all need teamwork and customers involvement in team. There are some difference between DSDM with XP. DSDM is primarily to provide a controlling framework for Rapid Application Development methodology .It is a framework for business centred development and it focuses on delivery of the business solution, rather than just team activity.There are more clear define roles in DSDM. DSDM use timebox and MoSCow to make plan about time.DSDM strongly provide full lifecycle. XP stresses customer satisfaction.It lay stress on teamwork that managers, developers and customers are all equal partners in a collaborative teaming and they will work together to improve the quality about product. It used to develop the system as faster as possible and it should be has a small teams to discuss about the system and makes a good working environment for developers. Its objective is narrow, it only used to solve some problems about the customers business needs of the product and it is not to analysis any problem about next stage. Less clear define roles.XP use iteration planning meeting to plan time.XP lights on project control and not provide lifecycle. 4. Applicable contexts DSDM can be used in that contexts. Projects that is about business.Interactive function embodiment through the user interface, have clear user group,no complicated calculation, if is a large application, the function can be decomposed into smaller parts , time constrained, requirements not too detailed or fixed and requirements can be prioritised. XP can be used in that contexts. Projects that have some specific problems need to solve,projects that are not constrained by an existing computing environment,project with vague requirements and projects with constant changes in requirements. Particularly useful for uncertain projects where change is expected;small group of programmers 2-12; need to have at least one client involved as well as programmers and need to be able to create automated unit and function tests. 5.Conclusion These two methods aim to solve the solutions that delivering good systems in short times.They all have their own advantages and disadvantages,but them still very similar, such as customer involvement ,incremental change, rapid feedback mechanisms,fast delivery, both in a small team ,and so on. Therefore I think if them work together,they should have very good effect. Because they have share the same fundamentals and it will working on combining the relative strengths of DSDM and XP. 6.Evaluation framework DSDM XP 1.Philosophy Paradigm Systematic Scientific Objectives Make the development time as shorten as possible . Helps people who work with the system to know and how to work with the system. Make the biggest benefit for business Make customer satisfaction. To developed the system with a good quality as soon as possible. Domain No complicated calculation in business problems and Interactive function. XP is good at to help team who work in the same group solve some specific business problems. Target It only can solve business problems and it application in interface intensive business systems for all project(small and big) in all organisation(small and big). Embodiment through the user interface. It needs a clear user group. There is a time limit . If it is a large application,it can be decomposed into smaller parts of function component. XP is designed for the project that with vague requirements,are not constrained by an existing computing environment and project with constant changes in requirements. It is fit for projects that can be carried out by two to twelve programmers. The type of development are fix-price contract software development, outsourced software and in-house development. 2. Model Structure Model and Object-oriented Model Spiral Model 3.Techniques and tools Techniques Timeboxing, MoSCoW , Evolutionary prototyping, Workshop . Courage, feedback, simplicity and communication. Planning, User stories. Stand up meetings, Designing,Spike solutions , Refactor when possible, Coding,Pair programming , Integrate often ,Testing and Acceptance tests. Tools Common user interface, Development tools, Requirements management tools , Configuration management tools , Project management tools, Documentation tools , Shared repository and virtual operating environment. Automated unit testing tools must be used in XP testing process, this tools a fundamental requirement for a successful XP. 4. Scope Feasibility study ; Business study ; Function model iteration ; Design and build iteration ; Implementation . Exploration ; Planning ; Iterations to first release ; Maintenance . 5. Outputs The output is a system that have many functions that satisfy user requirements and have some documents to maintenance it and tell user how to use it. The main product is working software of a anticipated quality. Another kind of documents can explain the project and gives more documents and models to help user maintenance the system ,to achieve the effect of improving the quality of the products. The output is source code and associated. In another field, users and developers are all can skilled use the method. The product is working software. 6. Practice DSDM was developed by a UK consortium in the UK in the mid-1990s. This view has been supported in the work of Jennifer Stapleton(2003). It is a practitioner-based methodology and this consortium are involved in Rapid Application Development development of software systems. DSDM can help an orgnisation achieve a good level in the Capability Maturity Model and it can be used in the TickIT. XP project was started March 1996. It is a very popular Agile method.It is very fit for a small group of programmers about two to twelve. 7. Product The product is difference in different phase in DSDM. Pre-project : pre-project report. Feasibility study : feasibility report, outline plan and risk log. Business study : system architecture definition , development plan, prioritised requirements list, risk log. Functional model iteration : functional model and review records, non-functional requirements list, timebox plans, implementation plan, risk log. Design and build iteration : timebox plans , design prototypes and review records, tested system. Implementation : User documentation, delivered system, trained user population, increment review. Post-project : post implementation review report. The relationship between developers and customers that work together for their project . Stories, Running code and Tests. 7.DSDM for Complete Solutions Complete Solutions is a rapid development company,and it focus on sell a complete IT consultancy service for businesses.It has some branches in different cities and different country, with the rapid development, CSs size is constantly be expanded . However at the same time , some problems become more and more obvious, such as lack of communication in the company. Therefore I think the method not only should be suit for CS company, but also can help CS solve some problem and make the company more better.I choose DSDM be used by Complete Solutions. DSDM has eight principles that focus on business need, deliver on time, collaborate, never compromise quality , develop iteratively, build incrementally from firm foundations, communicate continuously and clearly, demonstrate control . CS primary task is to sell a complete IT consultancy service for businesses. DSDM is about truly understanding the needs of the business and delivering solutions that work and delivering them as quickly and as cheaply as possible.(Stapleton,1997,pp14) DSDM has one principle is focus on business need. They need delivery the product to customer on time,and give a right price to customers. It is more important for CS. In DSDM project, it use MoSCoW and timebox for customers requirements. As a result is it can delivery products on-time and on -cost.Therefore DSDM can help CS save more time and reduce development costs. CS needs to software development and it must update they technology in order to sales more products. technology and computing has become an inseparable ingredient in the business world today.(Internet,2006) DSDM is very suitable for the project that main purpose is software development. The one principle of DSDM is develop iteratively, so it can help CS constantly update the software and technology . I think the issue-based task is to make a fully communication in the internal of the company. Because there are poor communication in the internal of CS. Effective communication is essential to the success of any company.(Debbie Tullos,2011) DSDM is more than anything about improving communications between all parties involved in the development of system. (Stapleton,1997,pp.65) In the DSDM, there are two techniques that evolutionary prototyping and workshop, so it will helps communicate continuously and clearly. Use these two techniques can promote the communication between the internal personnel of CS. Moreover, workshop can promote teamwork between internal personnel, It can helps them improve their work efficiency.Therefore it is good for CS. Never compromise quality is one principle of DSDM, we all knows that CS is a business company, so that quality is very important for it. If it can not provide a good quality product, customers will not to buy anything from CS company. Products to enhance the quality of there are more customers will buy products from CS. CS with the high speed development and its size is constantly be expanded.So they will continue to strengthen their infrastructure in order to meet the high speed development requirements. This requirement happen to have the same view with the principle build incrementally from firm foundations which in DSDM. Infrastructure to strengthen makes the company more stable of the development. Through the highly collaborative and open team approach, with a no surprises culture.conflict has been kept to a minimum.(Timothy Fadek,2010) A highly collaborative can make the work team more unity, more powerful and more efficiency. collaborate is one of the principle in DSDM. Therefore, it will makes more unity within the CS company. Conclusion I think DSDM method is really be fit for Complete Solutions than XP .such as in the following aspects that applying,business,techniques, personnel management, communication, teamwork and conflict management.However, DSDM have some weaknesses,such as lacking in detail for developers and no more than packaged common sense.Therefore, if to make DSDM and XP work together,there will have better effect.

To what extent is the American Constitution an elitist document?

To what extent is the American Constitution an elitist document? Why then did the framers provide for public participation in the political process? The best way to approach this assignment is to split it into two and answer first to what extent do I feel the American Constitution an elitist document. When this has been answered then it will be possible to move on to try to understand why the framers of the constitution provided for public participation in the political process. I should begin by saying that I think the Constitution is a very elitist document, but before I elaborate on that opinion I feel that it is necessary to firstly define what an ‘elite' is, and also to provide a bit of background information on the Constitution. An elite is defined by Webster's Dictionary as the best of a class; the socially superior part of society; or a group of persons who by virtue of position or education exercise power or influence. When we talk about elites though we have to bear in mind that they prize order and stability above all else, and if they can preserve the status quo they will, however this is diverting from the main question. It is perhaps the last part of the definition that is most relevant when we come to the American Constitution, and ask ourselves to what extent it is an elitist document. Before I come to that though I feel that it is necessary to explain how the Constitution of the United States of America came into being. Without going too far back into history, the thirteen North American colonies had rebelled against the British government after coming to see King George III and his colonial governors as tyrants, and also there were disputes over taxes that had to paid both to the colonial legislatures and the British government. These tensions reached a climax in 1775 and the American War of Independence broke out. This war lasted until 1783, when the British granted independence to each of the thirteen colonies. Each of the thirteen states were now independent and bound together under a loose agreement called the Articles of Confederation (AOC). The Articles of Confederation provided for a unicameral legislature with each state being allotted representatives based upon their total population, but each state had only 1 vote in the legislature. There were many flaws in this arrangement like the fact that there was no executive body; the fact that nine states had to agree to pass legislation; and crucially the AOC could not legislate in the following areas: The national government could not levy taxes, only request funds from the states. This resulted in the national government going into debt almost immediately. * The national government could not regulate commerce and each state had set up tariffs against the other. The result was a building economic recession. * The national government did not have exclusive control over the money supply. Each state and the national government had its own money supply. In the face of these crises, the elites (for want of a better word), of the thirteen states decided unilaterally to revise the AOC, and so the Constitution of 1787 was born. It is now time to examine to what extent the Constitution is an elitist document. â€Å"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. â€Å"1 Superficially at least the Constitution can be said to be a very elitist document by virtue of the way in which it came into being. It was written by fifty-five men out of a population of approximately four million. If we consider that the framing of the Constitution to be the real beginning of the USA, which was in theory supposed to be a democracy, then we have to see the Constitution to be an elitist document because of the way in which the Founding Fathers (a tiny fraction of the population) decided to scrap the AOC and come up with an alternative behind closed doors, without the majority of the population knowing what was going on. Another superficial argument can be made based upon the fact that the delegates who signed the Constitution were as Thomas Jefferson put it â€Å"†¦ an assembly of demigods†. According to Dye and Zeigler â€Å"the men at the convention belonged to the nation's intellectual and economic elites†2. Therefore the Constitution was always going to be biased towards elites because even though the majority of the population were small freeholding farmers their views were not taken into account at the Convention for the simple reason that none of the delegates really came from that section of the nation. As I have said both these reasons are superficial, but if we get into the detail of the constitution then we can see that it is a very elitist document in several key areas. The first is economic elitism. The Constitution gave Congress â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States†3. This is all well and good, but when taken with the fact that according to Article 1 Section 2 â€Å"Representatives [and direct taxes] shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers†4 – taxation and representation based upon population. This meant in essence that a rich man paid exactly the same amount of tax as a poor man regardless of his wealth, and if we consider that the men at the convention were all very we ll-off if not extremely rich, then whatever their intentions were the constitution could only benefit them and those like them. The Constitution also gave Congress the power to regulate commerce between the states. This regulation in concert with the provision that â€Å"No tax or duty shall be paid on articles exported from any state†5 created a huge free trade area were none had existed before, and of course this would be very beneficial to those American merchants – including many of the framers of the Constitution- that traded across the USA. Again we can see just how elitist the Constitution is because it benefits big business even though the majority of the population were small freeholders and small merchants that benefited from a certain degree of protectionism. Economic elitism can also be seen in the parts of the constitution that give Congress powers over the regulation and value of money, bankruptcy laws, weights and measures, and so forth. These powers would enhance financial stability in the nation and this move could only benefit the more economically orientated members of the Constitutional Convention. There is also evidence of military elitism within the Constitution. Section 8 of Article 1 provides for the creation of an army and navy. Naturally a nation needs an army and navy, but this act has to be seen in the context of just what the American elites gained from it. The Constitution concentrated the military might of the USA under the Commander in Chief aka the President. The President also had the power, with the advice of the senate, to make treaties and to send and receive ambassadors. We have seen that the Founding Fathers wished to create a strong centralised government and this concentration of military and diplomatic might gave them the ability to do just that, with the added benefit of giving them the means to put down any revolution that might occur. Therefore in this sense it can be shown that the Constitution is an elitist document since it enshrined the desires of the Founding Fathers for stability and freedom from revolution, and since the President who commanded all this great power would invariably be a member of the elites himself, their position within society could and would be safeguarded. Other instances of elitism within the Constitution are the sections that deal with slavery: â€Å"No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due†6. As can be seen this section allows the continuation of the slave holding elites within American society, at a time when the idea of all men being equal was being bandied about. From the above we can see that the Constitution of the USA is elitist, then we have to ask the question that why, if the document is elitist, did the framers provide for public participation in the electoral process. Firstly, if we accept that the framers of the Constitution were the nation's elites, then we have to remember that above all else elites desire order and stability. Therefore at a very basic level the answer to the question would be that as elites (by their very definition) make up a tiny percentage of the populaton then it would be in their best interests to provide for public participation in the political process because of the possibility that the masses could rise up against them, as they themselves had rebelled against the British. But if we look at the question in detail we can see that the real reason that the framers provided for public participation in the political process was that the public's participation was extremely limited in scale. Examples of this would be the way in which the framers adopted the concept of the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances whereby legislative powers were vested in a Congress and Senate; executive powers in a President; and judicial powers in a Supreme Court. Each of these institutions were elected by different constituencies (or in the case of the Supreme Court appointed by the President), and each served different lengths of terms. This prevented the complete renewal of government at a stroke and created continuity within the national government, but regardless of any benefits that this system might have, the fact cannot be avoided that if the people wish to have a change of government, or make their feelings known at all, then they must wait years for it, which is hardly a fair system. The system of checks and balances also diminishes the public's participation in the political process, because, for example, the people elect a President who is radical and wishes to change the status quo, then he can issue executive orders, but Congress can override those orders, and if the president wishes to execute laws he has to rely on executive departments created by Congress. The best justification for this system comes from either James Madison or Alexander Hamilton when they wrote: Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions†. 7 Judicial Review is another key aspect of the system of checks and balances. This is basically an idea that arose from the Marbury v. Madison Case of 1803, whereby the Chief Justice argued that the Supreme Court had the power not only to invalidate laws passed by the lower courts, but also to invalidate laws passed by the elected Congress. From this we can see just how limited the public participation in the political process was because the Congress elected by the people was able to be overruled by the appointed Supreme Court. However the greatest example of how limited the public's participation was in the political process, was the way in which the elections were conducted. By this I mean specifically the elitist way in which the smaller states did not have the same degree of representation, and thus power of the larger states, for example Rhode Island had one representative in Congress, while Virginia had ten. And even this pales in comparison with the Electoral College. Essentially when the people vote in a presidential election they vote for delegates to the Electoral College who then choose the president from the candidates. What is wrong with this system is when you take into consideration that each state sends delegates to the Electoral College on a basis of population; and in each state the candidate with the most votes takes all the electoral votes (even if they win by only 1%); then those who did not vote for the candidate are effectively throwing their votes away. This system is further complicated by the fact that in the beginning the Electoral College was envisaged as a way for the elites to ensure that their preferred candidate got the job, and to enable them to ‘correct' any misjudgements the public might have made on polling day. In conclusion therefore it can be seen that the American Constitution is a very elitist document, by virtue of the way in which it was conceived; the men who wrote it; the economic elitism imbedded in the document and of course the military elitism. Secondly the question as to why the framers of the Constitution provided for public participation is an easy one – they provided for public participation because they had diluted it so much, and built in so many checks and balances that they did not have to worry about threats to stability and order, which were after all the greatest concerns of elites.

Fashion and Art Essay

A controversial debate that has existed for many years, and will probably still be argued for many years to come, is the relatively close relationship that fashion and Art has. People in both the fashion and art industries (or as some artists like to call: ‘art world’) have very mixed opinions and ideas on the collaboration of fashion and art and how one may influence the other in the industry we live in today. â€Å"Art is Art and Fashion is an industry†, as quoted from in Michael Boodro’s ‘Art and Fashion’ (2007), he believes that Fashion is just a ‘man made’ craze that has only been popularised by the many followers in public that are cloned to consume the ideas of fashion. Boodro also believes that â€Å"†¦ fashion comes with no illusions attached† He believes that there isn’t a depth to fashion as there is in art, he believes art is an academia with vast depths of knowledge involved as to fashion, which is a shallow and very monochrome in it’s appearance, with no hidden messages. He goes on to explain that the interest in fashions first started in the late 1800s/early 1900s when only the rich and wealthy could afford artwork, in a form of portraits, then these painters created elaborate fashions in this paintings, learning the art of drapery and how to portray fabrics in the best possible light, For example: â€Å"Gustav Klimt, portraits of women, ‘designed’ dresses that were more prominent than his subjects†. Following on from this, Boodro then goes on to highlight some interesting links between art and fashion in how the artists has always formed the inspiration for the designer, such as: â€Å"Valentino has taken black and white geometric motifs from the Viennese artists Josef Hoffman and Koloman Mosen and embroided them in sequins and dresses† Many other examples there to highlight that a key to a designers success is by taking inspiration from previous art work by innovative and creative artists, which supports Boodro’s opinion that fashion is a follower and a form of art. â€Å"Clothes were placed in an extra-artistic sphere- where the most part they have remained†. This is taken from a contrasting piece of writing from ‘Fashion and Art’ by L. Svendsen (2006). As you can see, the Title ‘Fashion and Art’ is a reverse to Boodro’s ‘Art and fashion’, this is because, as quoted above, Clothes (fashion) were placed in an ‘extra-artistic sphere’, meaning that he sees Fashion as a seperate category to Art, and not a branched off form of art itself. Svendsen has a much more equal opinion for both sides of the opinion, he can pick out where Art and Fashion do merge into one, and also how Fashion has separated itself from art. He stated that in the early 1900’s, Fashion was very limited and boundaries were strict due to â€Å"Freedom was rather restricted, as the creations had to appeal to the aesthetic preferences of the customer†. Even though artists and art critics will strongly disagree that Fashion is a form of Art, even iconic designers such as Paul Poiret, one of the first iconic fashion designers of the early 20th Century stated â€Å"I am an artist, not a dressmaker†, designers hated how critics would limit their title to just a ‘dressmaker’, limiting their skills and talents instead of creative s that they dream to be acclaimed for. Another controversial quote though from a famous designer, Martin Margiela who insists that â€Å"fashion is a craft, not art† Moving into the 1920s and 30s with the Cubism perception in artwork replacing realism, Fashion also in turn started to become more abstarct, and this was when Haute Couture was born, designs became more elaborate and the previous boundaries that existed were lifted, giving designers a vast playground in which they could experience with their work and ideas. â€Å"Many Fashion Designers have used strategies normally associated with contemporary art rather than the world of fashion, by creating clothes that are better suited to exhibitions in galleries and museums than for actual wear†This shows a great link between fashion and art, it was evolving to become so abstract and outrageous that the best way for them to be displayed to their best potential was in galleries and museums, the same way as artwork would be, For example now in Museums such as the Victoria and Albert in London, there is now Fashion Archives, and many international designers have homed themselves there for one-off elaborate exhibitions. To conclude I think that I would categorise Fashion as a form of art, but not a direct result of art, I think many people have similar opinions of the two because they are such broad topics with an almost unlimited amount of space for creativity. I do agree that some of fashions many successful collections and campaigns stemmed from the innovative ideas of previous artists but some of the more successful fashion moments have been solely down to the creative minds of the designer If I had to categorize the fashion industry and the Designers work, I would place it under craftsmanship and creativity, as previously quoted by Martin Margiela. To finalise though I believe that art and fashion shouldn’t be labelled and the two should be able to intertwine to create magical and awe-inspiring pieces.

Free Essays on Latin

Latin America After world War II until the 1980’s, many Latin American leaders installed reforms to deal with new demanding issues in their country. These new reforms were frequently viewed by the United States as alarming due to the recent rise of communism in the world. Following almost a century of alliance, Americans and Russians disagreement came to the front line when in 1917 the Communists seized power, and established the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would come to declared war on the capitalist nations of the West. The two countries put all this aside in their mutual hatred for one another, and fought against Germany during World War II. This alliance would come to an end between 1944-45, when Joseph Stalin looking to extend Soviet control used the Soviet army to control much of Eastern Europe. This cold war rivalry, would soon emerge into a contest to obtain allies. The U.S. foreign policy following World War II confronted primarily in assisting the countries in Europe. The conce ntration of aid to Europe was a immense concern to the countries of Latin America. Latin America countries wanted the U.S. to stress economic development in the post war era. The U.S. believed that it needed to promote postwar economic development in Latin America but was unwilling to make a specific commitment for assistance. As a region Latin America ranked low on the U.S. priority list; other area were seen as facing more immediate Soviet threats. The lack of attention by the U.S. to the pressing social. political and economic problems in Latin America would prove costly to the U.S. The cost would come in the form of new political views emerging to deal with the problems at hand. The U.S. would come to pay attention to Latin America, that it was supposed to at the beginning of the cold war, and take action to stop the spread of communism. One of the first situations faced by the U.S. was Guatemala, lead by the soldier, and president of Guatemal... Free Essays on Latin Free Essays on Latin Latin America After world War II until the 1980’s, many Latin American leaders installed reforms to deal with new demanding issues in their country. These new reforms were frequently viewed by the United States as alarming due to the recent rise of communism in the world. Following almost a century of alliance, Americans and Russians disagreement came to the front line when in 1917 the Communists seized power, and established the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would come to declared war on the capitalist nations of the West. The two countries put all this aside in their mutual hatred for one another, and fought against Germany during World War II. This alliance would come to an end between 1944-45, when Joseph Stalin looking to extend Soviet control used the Soviet army to control much of Eastern Europe. This cold war rivalry, would soon emerge into a contest to obtain allies. The U.S. foreign policy following World War II confronted primarily in assisting the countries in Europe. The conce ntration of aid to Europe was a immense concern to the countries of Latin America. Latin America countries wanted the U.S. to stress economic development in the post war era. The U.S. believed that it needed to promote postwar economic development in Latin America but was unwilling to make a specific commitment for assistance. As a region Latin America ranked low on the U.S. priority list; other area were seen as facing more immediate Soviet threats. The lack of attention by the U.S. to the pressing social. political and economic problems in Latin America would prove costly to the U.S. The cost would come in the form of new political views emerging to deal with the problems at hand. The U.S. would come to pay attention to Latin America, that it was supposed to at the beginning of the cold war, and take action to stop the spread of communism. One of the first situations faced by the U.S. was Guatemala, lead by the soldier, and president of Guatemal...

The Whig Party and its Presidents

The Whig Party and its Presidents The Whig Party was an early American political party organized in the 1830s to oppose the principles and policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. Along with the Democratic Party, the Whig Party played a key role in the Second Party System that prevailed until the middle 1860s. Drawing from the traditions of the Federalist Party, the Whigs stood for the supremacy of the legislative branch over the executive branch, a modern banking system, and economic protectionism through trade restrictions and tariffs. The Whigs were strongly opposed to Jackson’s â€Å"Trail of Tears† American Indian removal plan forcing the relocation of southern Indian tribes to federally-owned lands west of the Mississippi River. Among voters, the Whig Party drew support from entrepreneurs, plantation owners, and the urban middle class, while enjoying little support among farmers and unskilled workers. Prominent founders of the Whig Party included politician Henry Clay, future 9th president William H. Harrison, politician Daniel Webster, and newspaper mogul Horace Greeley. Though he would later be elected president as a Republican, Abraham Lincoln was an early Whig organizer in frontier Illinois. What Did the Whigs Want? Party founders chose the name â€Å"Whig† to reflect the beliefs of the American Whigs- the group of colonial period patriots who rallied the people to fight for independence from England in 1776. Associating their name with the anti-monarchist group of English Whigs allowed Whig Party supporters to derisively depict President Andrew Jackson as â€Å"King Andrew.† As it was originally organized, the Whig Party supported a balance of powers between state and national government, compromise in legislative disputes, the protection of American manufacturing from foreign competition, and the development of a federal transportation system. The Whigs were generally opposed to rapid westward territorial expansion as embodied in the doctrine of â€Å"manifest destiny.†Ã‚   In an 1843 letter to a fellow Kentuckian, Whig leader Henry Clay stated, â€Å"It is much more important that we unite, harmonize, and improve what we have than attempt to acquire more.† Ultimately, however, it would be the inability of its own leaders to agree on many of the issues making up its overly-diverse platform that would lead to its demise. The Whig Party Presidents and Nominees While the Whig Party nominated several candidates between 1836 and 1852, only two- William H. Harrison in 1840 and Zachary Taylor in 1848- were ever elected president on their own and they both died during their first terms in office. In the 1836 election won by Democratic-Republican Martin Van Buren, the still loosely-organized Whig Party nominated four presidential candidates: William Henry Harrison appeared on ballots in the Northern and border states, Hugh Lawson White ran in several Southern states, Willie P. Mangum ran in South Carolina, while Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts. Two other Whigs became president through the process of succession. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841 but was expelled from the party shortly afterward. The last Whig president, Millard Fillmore, assumed the office after Zachary Taylors death in 1850.   As president, John Tyler’s support of manifest destiny and the annexation of Texas angered Whig leadership. Believing much of the Whig legislative agenda to be unconstitutional, he vetoed several of his own partys bills. When most of his Cabinet resigned a few weeks into his second term, Whig leaders, dubbing him â€Å"His Accidency,† expelled him from the party. After its last presidential nominee, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was soundly defeated by Democrat Franklin Pierce in the 1852 election, the days of the Whig Party were numbered. The Downfall of the Whig Party Throughout its history, the Whig Party suffered politically from the inability of its leaders to agree on high-profile issues of the day. While its founders had been united in their opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson, when it came to other matters, it was too often a case of Whig vs. Whig. While most other Whigs generally opposed Catholicism, eventual Whig Party founder Henry Clay had joined the party’s arch-enemy Andrew Jackson in becoming the nation’s first presidential candidates to openly seek the votes of Catholics in the election of 1832. On other issues, top Whig leaders including Henry Clay and Daniel Webster would express disparate opinions as they campaigned in different states. More critically, Whig leaders split over the festering issue of slavery as embodied by the annexation of Texas as a slave state and California as a free state. In the 1852 election, its leadership’s inability to agree on slavery prevented the party from nominating its own incumbent President Millard Fillmore. Instead, the Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott who went on to lose by an embarrassing landslide. So upset by the drubbing was Whig U.S. Representative Lewis D. Campbell that he exclaimed, â€Å"We are slayed. The party is dead- dead- dead!† Indeed, in its attempt to be too many things to too many voters, the Whig Party proved to be its own worst enemy. The Whig Legacy After their embarrassingly ill-fated run in 1852 election, many former Whigs joined the Republican Party, eventually dominating it during the administration of Whig-turned-Republican President Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1865. After the Civil War, it was Southern Whigs who led the white response to Reconstruction. Eventually, post-Civil War American government adopted many Whig conservative economic policies. Today, the phrase â€Å"going the way of the Whigs† is used by politicians and political scientists to refer to political parties destined to fail due to their fractured identity and lack of a unified platform. The Modern Whig Party In 2007, the Modern Whig Party was organized as a â€Å"middle-of-the-road,† grassroots third political party dedicated to â€Å"the restoration of representative government in our nation.† Reportedly founded by a group of U.S. soldiers while on combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, the party generally supports fiscal conservatism, a strong military, and integrity and pragmatism in creating policy and legislation. According to the party’s platform statement, its overarching goal is to assist the American people â€Å"in returning control of their government to their hands.† Following the 2008 presidential election won by Democrat Barack Obama, the Modern Whigs launched a campaign to attract moderate and conservative Democrats, as well as moderate Republicans who felt disenfranchised by what they perceived as their party’s shift to the extreme-right as expressed by the Tea Party movement. While some members of the Modern Whig Party have so far been elected to a few local offices, they ran as Republicans or independents. Despite undergoing a major structural and leadership facelift in 2014, as of 2018, the party had yet to nominate any candidates for  a major federal office. Whig Party Key Points The Whig Party was an early American political party active from the 1830s to the 1860sThe Whig Party was formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party.Whigs favored a strong Congress, a modernized national banking system, and conservative fiscal policy.The Whigs generally opposed westward expansion and manifest destiny.Only two Whigs, William H. Harrison, and Zachary Taylor were ever elected president on their own. Whig presidents John Tyler and Millard Fillmore assumed the presidency through succession.The inability of its leaders to agree on key national issues such as slavery confused voters and led to the eventual breakup of the party. Sources Whig Party: Facts and Summary, History.comBrown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. ISBN 0-231-05602-8.Cole, Arthur Charles (1913). The Whig Party in the South, online versionFoner, Eric (1970). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. ISBN 0-19-501352-2.Holt, Michael F. (1992). Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln. ISBN 0-8071-2609-8.

Security is a major problem with the Internet Essay

Security is a major problem with the Internet - Essay Example The internet has become so huge that it is now nearly impossible to keep a check on all the activity that goes on in the internet. What are these threats The most common security threats of using the computer are hacking, phishing, viruses, worms, spam, and spyware. According to Victor Sabadash, Hacking is unauthorized use of computer or network resources. (2004) This includes hacking into other people's computers and also hacking other people's passwords. This has become very common nowadays. According to Symantec Software Solutions, new threats have increased from 125243 to 711912 from 2006 to 2007. This is a 468 percent increase in just one year. (Business Standard, 2008) These figures show why this is a major problem with the internet. You can make your computer safe by installing a firewall on to it. A firewall is a program that detects unauthorized users who try to hack into your computer and it stops that activity. Phishing is uses emails to ask for personal information by using the names of reputable organizations for example Citibank etc. This fools people into giving their personal information to these hackers. These hackers use this information for financial theft, identity loss, and fraud. (Russel Kay, 2004) Symantec has seen 87963, which is a 167 percent increase, in phishing hosts in just the last sic months of 2007. (Business Standard, 2008) This increase also proves how security is a major problem of internet. The only way phishing can be avoided is to understand the occurrence of this and think before giving out your password and other personal information online. You can also check the reliability of the source of the website.A Computer virus is a program which replaces itself or attaches itself to other programs in an individuals computer without the knowledge of the owner. These infect the computer in different ways. Sometimes viruses are not noticeable while sometimes they can de stroy the hard drive. Worms are something similar to a virus. It is a program which usually proliferates through network connections. It needs a host program, otherwise it would not be able to function. (Markus Hanhisalo) In 2003, $55 billion was spent on cost of computer viruses by businesses. (Cyberoam, 2004) There are different anti viruses nowadays that deal with all sorts of viruses. Installing these anti viruses onto your computer can help you detect and delete the virus before it spreads and destroys the PC. Email is the cheapest way to pass a message to many people at the same time. Spam unwanted emails that come into your email inbox which you refer to as junk mail. These mail usually promote products and sometimes even ask for personal information, for example credit card number etc., in the email. These emails were only a nuisance but now viruses are spread through this and phishing is also becoming common because of this. The statistics show that spam is increasing. According to a source, 92.3 percent of emails sent in the first three months of 2008 were all spam and 23300 spam related web sites are discovered everyday. (Robert Jaques, 2008) This is why spam is becoming a major problem for internet security. Spywares are programs that are installed onto one's computer without his permission. These programs basically spy on the activities that take

Italian and German Fascism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Italian and German Fascism - Essay Example This essay declares that the fascist movements in both Germany and Italy initially gained power through being invited by conservative parties into government to ensure that leftist parties were countered. Leftist parties, especially socialist parties, had taken a significant share of the opposition of these countries and their influence was steadily increasing. The rise of communism in Russia during and immediately after World War One had made conservative parties in power to become wary of leftist opposition parties and collaboration with fascist parties in both Germany and Italy made possible the removal of their threat. However, the Fascist party in Italy wanted more than a small share of government and although it had won only a small number of seats in parliament, it managed to seize power and maintain it through an alliance with right leaning parties. The same occurred in Germany where the Nazis took advantage of their being in government to lash out against the socialist parti es and strengthen their position, eventually taking over some of the most important institutions within the state. This paper makes a conclusion that the fascist movement within these two countries ended up developing in different ways with Nazi Germany becoming more radicalized while fascist Italy becoming more authoritarian. The Nazi party, once it gained power, aimed at implementing its policies at all costs and among these was the restoration of Germany’s glorious past through military action.